Application of Cut-and-Sew Technique in Thoracoscopic Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery and Concomitant Maze Procedure

ABSTRACT Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is one of the common complications of mitral valve disease. Currently, in the absence of freezing equipment, it's still impossible to fully conduct a minimally invasive Cox-maze IV procedure to treat atrial fibrillation. Methods: We analyzed the clinical data of 28 patients who underwent thoracoscopic minimally invasive mitral valve full maze surgery in our hospital from October 2021 to September 2022; 13 patients were male and 15 were female, three suffered from paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and 25 suffered from permanent atrial fibrillation; average age was 61.88±8.30 years, and mean preoperative left atrial diameter was 47.12±8.34 mm. Isolation of left atrial posterior wall (box lesion) was completed in all patients by cut-and-sew technique and bipolar clamp ablation. Results: For these subjects, the median cardiopulmonary bypass time was 169 (109.75-202.75) minutes, aortic cross-clamping time was 106 (77.75-125.50) minutes, and ventilator assistance time was 6.5 (0-10) hours. Among them, eight subjects had the endotracheal tubes removed immediately after surgical operation. Three subjects were in the blanking period; two subjects still had atrial fibrillation at three months after operation, one of whom resumed sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion therapy; and all the remaining 23 subjects had sinus rhythm. Conclusion: The minimally invasive cut-and-sew technique for electrical isolation of left pulmonary veins can improve sinus conversion rate of patients suffering from both mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation. In selected subjects, it is safe and has good results in the short-term postoperative period.

Teste de Limiar de Desfibrilação e Seguimento a Longo Prazo de Pacientes com Cardiopatia Crônica da Doença de Chagas / Defibrillation Threshold Testing and Long-term Follow-up in Chagas Disease

Resumo Fundamento A morte súbita cardíaca (MSC) é a causa mais comum de óbito na cardiomiopatia crônica da doença de Chagas (CCDC). Visto que muitos pacientes com CCDC que são candidatos a receber um cardioversor desfibrilador implantável (CDI) atendem a critérios que sugerem alto risco de apresentarem limiares de desfibrilação elevados, sugere-se realizar um teste de limite de desfibrilação (LDF). Objetivos Investigamos o uso do teste de LDF em pacientes com CCDC, com enfoque nos óbitos relacionados ao implante do CDI e na ocorrência de eventos arrítmicos e o tratamento oferecido durante o seguimento de longo prazo. Métodos Avaliações retrospectivas de 133 pacientes com CCDC que receberam CDI, principalmente para prevenção secundária. Foram coletados dados demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais, escore de Rassi e dados do teste de LDF. Adotou-se p<0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados A média de idade foi 61±13 anos, e 72% da amostra era do sexo masculino. A fração de ejeção basal do ventrículo esquerdo foi 40±15%, e o escore de Rassi médio foi 10±4 pontos. Não ocorreram óbitos durante o teste de LDF, e não foram documentadas falhas do CDI. Foi identificada relação entre escore de Rassi basal mais elevado e LDFs mais elevados (ANOVA =0,007). O tempo médio até o primeiro choque foi de 474±628 dias, mas a aplicação de choque foi necessária em apenas 28 (35%) pacientes com TV, visto que a maioria dos casos se resolveu espontaneamente ou através da programação de ATP. Após seguimento clínico de 1728±1189 dias, em média, ocorreram 43 óbitos, relacionados principalmente a insuficiência cardíaca progressiva e sepse. Conclusões Um teste de LDF de rotina pode não ser necessário para pacientes com CCDCs que receberam CDI para prevenção secundária. LDFs elevados parecem ser incomuns e podem estar relacionados a escore de Rassi elevado.

Abstract Background Sudden cardiac death is the most common cause of death in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC). Because most CCC patients who are candidates for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) meet criteria for high defibrillation threshold values, a defibrillator threshold test (DTT) is suggested. Objectives We investigated the use of DTT in CCC patients, focusing on deaths related to ICD and arrhythmic events, as well as treatment during long-term follow-up. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 133 CCC patients who received an ICD mainly for secondary prevention. Demographic, clinical, laboratory data, Rassi score, and DTT data were collected, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results The mean patient age was 61 (SD, 13) years and 72% were men. The baseline left ventricular ejection fraction was 40 (SD, 15%) and the mean Rassi score was 10 (SD, 4). No deaths occurred during DTT and no ICD failures were documented. There was a relationship between higher baseline Rassi scores and higher DTT scores (ANOVA = 0.007). The mean time to first shock was 474 (SD, 628) days, although shock was only necessary for 28 (35%) patients with ventricular tachycardia, since most cases resolved spontaneously or through antitachycardia pacing. After a mean clinical follow-up of 1728 (SD, 1189) days, 43 deaths occurred, mainly related to progressive heart failure and sepsis. Conclusions A routine DTT may not be necessary for CCC patients who receive an ICD for secondary prevention. High DTT values seem to be unusual and may be related to high Rassi scores.

Trombo Atrial Esquerdo e Contraste Espontâneo Denso no Uso de Anticoagulante Oral de Ação Direta em Fibrilação Atrial: Visão de Centro Referenciado / Left Atrial Thrombus and Dense Spontaneous Contrast in Direct Oral Anticoagulant Therapy of Atrial Fibrillation: Insights from a Reference Center

Resumo Fundamento No tratamento da fibrilação atrial (FA), a arritmia sustentada mais frequente, com ablação por cateter (ABL) ou cardioversão elétrica (CVE), o período periprocedimento é uma das fases mais críticas. Atualmente, o uso de novos anticoagulantes orais de ação direta (DOAC) é cada vez mais frequente, no entanto, no mundo real, ainda existem poucos dados de estudos sobre a incidência de trombo no átrio esquerdo (TrAE) ou contraste espontâneo denso (CE) no ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE). Objetivo Analisar a prevalência de TrAE, por ETE, em pacientes em uso de DOAC submetidos à CVE/ABL. Secundariamente: avaliar a associação de comorbidades com a presença de trombos e CE. Métodos Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, unicêntrico, com pacientes do Ambulatório de Arritmia (InCor-HCFMUSP). Foram selecionados e analisados dados clínicos e ecocardiográficos no prontuário da instituição de pacientes com indicação de procedimentos e em uso de DOACs. Considerado um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Foram incluídos 354 pacientes, no total de 400 procedimentos, de março de 2012-março de 2018. TrAE foi encontrado em 11 pacientes (2,8%), associado com idade avançada (p=0,007) e CHA2DS2-VASc maior (p<0,001). Foi encontrado CE no AE no procedimento antes da ETE em 29 pacientes (7,3%), com menor FEVE (p <0,038) e maior dimensão do AE (p <0,0001). Conclusão A incidência de TrAE e CE em pacientes em uso de DOAC no contexto de CVE/ABL de FA, embora pequena, não é desprezível. Pacientes com escore CHA2DS2-VASc maior, principalmente mais idosos e com diâmetro do AE maior, são mais propensos a esses achados ecocardiográficos.

Abstract Background In the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF), the most frequently sustained arrhythmia, with catheter ablation (CA) or electrical cardioversion (ECV), the periprocedural period is one of the most critical phases. Currently, the use of new direct action oral anticoagulants (DOAC) is increasingly frequent; however, in the real world, there are still few data on studies on the thrombus incidence in the left atrium (TrLA) or dense spontaneous contrast (DSC) on transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). Objective To evaluate the prevalence of events and association with risk factors in patients using DOACs. Primary objective: to analyze the prevalence of thrombus in the LA by TEE in patients using DOAC undergoing ECV/CA. Second, evaluate the association of comorbidities with the presence of thrombi and DSC. Methods Retrospective cohort, single-center study with patients followed at the Arrhythmia Outpatient Unit (InCor-HCFMUSP). Patients indicated for procedures and using DOACs were selected, and their clinical/echocardiographic data were analyzed. A significance level of 5% was considered. Results 354 patients were included, a total of 400 procedures, from March 2012-March 2018. Thrombus in the LA was found in 11 patients (2.8%), associated with advanced age (p=0.007) and higher CHA2DS2-VASc (p<0.001) score. DSC in the LA before TEE was found in 29 patients (7.3%), with lower LVEF (p<0.038) and greater LA dimension (p<0.0001). Conclusion The incidence of LA thrombus and DSC in patients using DOC in the context of AF ECV/CA, although small, is not negligible. Patients with higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores, especially older and with larger LA diameter, are more prone to these echocardiographic findings.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Prone Position

Abstract Mechanical ventilation in prone position is an alternative strategy for patients with acute respiratory discomfort syndrome (ARDS) to improve oxygenation in situations when traditional ventilation modalities have failed. However, due to the significant increase in ARDS cases during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the experimental therapeutic use of potentially arrhythmogenic drugs, cardiopulmonary resuscitation in this unusual position could be needed. Therefore, we will review the available scientific evidence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in prone position.

Is there any link between vitamin d and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after cardioversion?

Abstract Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common chronic arrhythmia in the elderly population. In symptomatic patients, restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm improve quality of life. Unfortunately, AF recurrence still occurs in a considerable number of patients after cardioversion (CV). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between vitamin D (VitD) and AF recurrence after electrical or medical CV. Method: A total of 51 patients who underwent CV for symptomatic AF were included in the study. AF recurrence was defined as an AF pattern in 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) recording after CV within 6 months or ECG Holter recording of AF lasting more than 30 seconds at 6-month follow-up. Results: Mean vitD level was 21.4 ng/ml in our study population. VitD level was lower in the AF recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group (18 ng/ml vs. 26.3 ng/ml, respectively; P=0.001). Additionally, left atrial diameter was larger in the AF recurrence group compared to the non-recurrence group (4.4 vs. 4.1, P=0.025). Patients with AF recurrence were older than patients without AF recurrence, and, although the prevalence of hypertension is higher in the AF recurrence group, there was no statistically significant difference (P=0.107, P=0.867). Conclusion: In our study, there is a strong association between vitD level and AF recurrence after CV. VitD deficiency might be a predictor of high risk of AF recurrence after CV and vitD supplementation during the follow-up might help the maintenance of sinus rhythm.

Effectiveness and safety of electrical cardioversion for acute-onset atrial fibrillation in the emergency department: a real-world 10-year single center experience

OBJECTIVE: Despite limited evidence, electrical cardioversion of acute-onset atrial fibrillation (AAF) is widely performed in the emergency department (ED). The aim of this study was to describe the effectiveness and safety of electrical cardioversion of AAF performed by emergency physicians in the ED.METHODS: All episodes of AAF electrically cardioverted in the ED were retrieved from the database for a 10-year period. Most patients not already receiving anticoagulants were given enoxaparin before the procedure (259/419). Procedural complications were recorded, and the patients were followed-up for 30 days for cardiovascular and hemorrhagic complications.RESULTS: Four hundred nineteen eligible cases were identified; men represented 69%, and mean age was 61±13 years. The procedure was effective in 403 cases (96.2%; 95.4% in women, 96.5% in men), with considerable differences with respect to the age of the patients, the procedure being effective in 100% of patients aged 18 to 39 and only 68.8% in those >80 years. New ED visits (33/419) were identified within 30 days (31 due to atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter recurrence, 1 due to iatrogenic hypokalemia, 1 due to hypertensive emergency). No strokes, major bleeding, life-threatening arrhythmias or peripheral thromboembolism were recorded. Nine small and mild skin burns were observed.CONCLUSION: Electrical cardioversion is an effective and safe procedure in the vast majority of patients, albeit less effective in patients aged >80 years. It appears reasonable to avoid anticoagulation in low-risk patients with AAF and administer peri-procedural heparin to all remaining patients. Long-term anticoagulation should be planned on an individual basis, after assessment of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risk.

Bases fisiológicas de la desfibrilación ventricular / Physiological bases of ventricular defibrillation

La desfibrilación ventricular es un procedimiento básico para una adecuada reanimación cardiopulmocerebral, pero sus principios no son comúnmente abordados en la literatura. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo describir las bases fisiológicas de la desfibrilación ventricular para lo cual se realizó, en el primer cuatrimestre del 2018, una revisión documental que incluyó 21 referencias bibliográficas. Se concluyó que las bases fisiológicas integran a las funciones celulares propias del corazón, las modificaciones físico-moleculares celulares que condicionan la arritmia o se generan por la hipoxia, a los cambios que sobre el tejido cardiaco produce el paso de electricidad y a las características de la onda de choque eléctrica del desfibrilador. La desfibrilación detiene la actividad eléctrica cardiaca y permite el inicio de potenciales de acción de sus células marcapaso. La eficacia del procedimiento depende del estado metabólico del miocardio (dado por causa y tiempo de la parada cardiaca), y de la correcta realización del protocolo de desfibrilación.

Ventricular defribrillation is a basic procedure from an adequate cardio-pulmonary-cerebral resuscitation, but its principles are not commonly approached in literature. This work was aimed at describing the physiological basis of ventricular defibrillation for which it was, in the first quarter of 2018, a documentary review which included 21 bibliographical references. It was concluded that these bases integrate the cellular functions of the heart, the physical-molecular cellular modifications which condition arrythmia or are produced due to hypoxia, the changes on the cardiac tissue which allow the passage of electrical cardiac activity and the characteristics of the electrical shock wave of the defibrillator. Defibrillation stops cardiac electrical activity and allows the action potential start of its pacemaker cells.. The efficacy of the procedure depends on the metabolic condition of the myocardium (due to the cause and the time cardiac failure) and the correct performance of the defibrillation protocol.

One case of elderly patient with extremely severe burn complicated by ventricular tachycardia / 中华烧伤杂志

One elderly patient with extremely severe burn was admitted to our department on 4th August, 2017. The patient suffered multiple sustained ventricular tachycardia from post injury day 2 to 4 due to relatively high input volume during shock stage. Amiodarone could not be given through intravenous injection because of his low blood pressure. After consultation with cardiologist, ventricular tachycardia was corrected by electrical cardioversion of several times. According to this case, the first treatment is electrical cardioversion when elderly patient with extremely severe burn shows sustained ventricular tachycardia which can not be corrected with medicine.

Relationship between brain natriuretic peptide and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after successful electrical cardioversion: an updated meta-analys

Abstract Objective: To investigate the relationship between brain natriuretic peptide and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after successful electrical cardioversion. Methods: Medline and Embase databases were used to identify publications evaluating BNP/N-Terminal (NT)-proBNP levels in association with atrial fibrillation recurrence after successful electrical cardioversion. Nineteen studies that fulfilled the specified criteria of our analysis were found. Results: Baseline BNP/NT-proBNP levels of the atrial fibrillation recurrence group were significantly higher than those of the sinus rhythm maintaining group (SMD -0.70, CI [-0.82, -0.58]). Conclusion: Our analysis suggests that low BNP/NT-proBNP levels are associated with sinus rhythm maintenance, and baseline BNP/NT-proBNP concentrations may be a predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence after successful electrical cardioversion.

Predictors of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence in Hyperthyroid and Euthyroid Patients / Preditores de Recorrência de Fibrilação Atrial em Pacientes com Eutireoidismo e Hipertireoidismo

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in adults, and is encountered in 10-15% of the patients with hyperthyroidism. Unless euthyroidism is restored, pharmacological or electrical cardioversion is controversial in patients with AF who remain hyperthyroid. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of electrical cardioversion and predictors of AF recurrence in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients. Methods: The study included 33 hyperthyroid (21 males) and 48 euthyroid (17 males) patients with persistent AF. The patients were sedated with intravenous midazolam before undergoing electrical cardioversion delivered by synchronized biphasic shocks. Rates of AF recurrence were recorded. Results: Mean follow-up was 23.63 ± 3.74 months in the hyperthyroid group and 22.78 ± 3.15 months in the euthyroid group (p = 0.51). AF recurred in 14 (43.8%) and 21 (44.7%) patients in each group, respectively (p = 0.93). Multivariate regression analysis in each group showed that AF duration was the only predictor of AF recurrence, with odds ratios of 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05 - 1.82, p = 0.02) in the hyperthyroid group and 1.42 (95% CI = 1.05 - 1.91, p= 0.02) in the euthyroid group. Conclusion: Rates of long-term AF recurrence were similar in successfully cardioverted hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients. The only predictor of AF recurrence in both groups was AF duration.

Fundamento: A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia mais comum em adultos e é encontrada em 10-15% dos pacientes com hipertireoidismo. A menos que haja retorno ao eutireoidismo, a cardioversão farmacológica ou elétrica é controversa em pacientes com FA que permanecem com hipertireoidismo. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da cardioversão elétrica e os preditores de recorrência de FA em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e eutireoidismo. Métodos: O estudo incluiu pacientes com FA persistente, dos quais 33 (21 homens) apresentavam hipertireoidismo e 48 (17 homens) eutireoidismo. Os pacientes foram sedados com midazolam endovenoso antes de serem submetidos à cardioversão elétrica com choques sincronizados bifásicos. As taxas de recorrência da FA foram registradas. Resultados: O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 23,63 ± 3,74 meses no grupo com hipertireoidismo e 22,78 ± 3,15 meses no grupo com eutireoidismo (p = 0,51). A FA recorreu em 14 (43,8%) e 21 (44,7%) pacientes em cada grupo, respectivamente (p = 0,93). Uma análise de regressão multivariada em cada grupo mostrou que a duração da FA foi o único preditor de recorrência de FA com odds ratios de 1,38 (intervalo de confiança [IC] 95% = 1,05 - 1,82, p = 0,02) no grupo com hipertireoidismo e 1,42 (IC 95% = 1,05 - 1,91, p = 0,02) no grupo com eutireoidismo. Conclusão: As taxas de recorrência da FA a longo prazo foram semelhantes em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e eutireoidismo submetidos com sucesso à cardioversão. A duração da FA foi o único preditor de recorrência da FA em ambos os grupos.

Tempestade elétrica em portadores de cardiodesfibriladores automáticos implantáveis / Electrical storm in patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators

A tempestade elétrica em portadores de cardiodesfibriladores implantáveis é a ocorrência de pelo menos três intervenções apropriadas, resultante de taquicardia ventricular ou fibrilação ventricular, em 24 horas. É preditor de mau prognóstico e a terapia varia de medicamentos até transplante cardíaco. Este estudo teve por objetivo revisar orientações de diagnóstico e prevenção, visando ao tratamento (farmacológico, intervencionista e cirúrgico) da tempestade elétrica em portadores desses dispositivos. Compilamos publicações no Medline/PubMed e em revistas nacionais. O tratamento das condições basais e desencadeantes, como insuficiência cardíaca e insuficiência coronária, reduziu a morte súbita. A miodarona, betabloqueadores, lidocaína e magnésio são a base terapêutica. A ablação por cateter reduz arritmias e choques, estabiliza o ritmo e melhora o prognóstico. A taquicardia ventricular com substrato permite a abordagem de um circuito estável. A compreensão dos mecanismos e as melhorias no mapeamento eletrofisiológico possibilitam seu uso na fibrilação ventricular. Diferentes condições necessitam de abordagem cirúrgica, eliminando focos arritmogênicos e/ou permitindo o remodelamento,utilizando ressincronização, tratamentos para coronariopatia, valvopatias e cardiopatias congênitas, ressecção endocárdica guiada por eletrofisiologia e transplante em pacientes refratários. Atuando no sistema nervoso, aneuromodulação é alternativa. Durante anestesia peridural torácica, a denervação simpática cardíaca tem efeitos consistentes e persistentes. De modo semelhante à denervação simpática renal, pode ser um novo horizonte. Concluímos que identificar a causa é fundamental. O tratamento dos fatores causais melhora o controle e o prognóstico. Amiodarona, bloqueadores beta-adrenérgicos, lidocaína e magnésio são opções. Procedimento ablativo deve ser ponderado para taquicardia e fibrilação ventricular. Abordagem cirúrgica e neuromodulação...

Electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator is the occurrence of at least three appropriate interventions resulting from tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation within 24 hours. It a predictor of poor prognosis and its treatment may vary from drug therapy to heart transplantation. Our objectivewas to review diagnostic and prevention guidelines aiming at the treatment (drug therapy, interventional and surgical treatment) of electrical storm in patients using these devices. We analyzed publications from Medline/PubMed and Brazilian medical journals. The treatment of baseline conditions and triggers, such as heart failure and coronary insufficiency, reduced sudden death. Amiodarone, betablockers, lidocaine and magnesium are the therapeutic basis. Catheter ablation reduces shock and arrhythmia, stabilizes rhythm and improves prognosis. Ventricular tachycardia with substratum allows the approach of a stable circuit. Understanding the mechanismsand improvements in electrophysiological mapping enables the use of catheter ablation in ventricular fibrillation.Different conditions require a surgical approach, eliminating arrhythmogenic cores and/or allowing cardiac remodeling, using cardiac resynchronization therapy, treatment for coronary artery disease, valve disease,congenital heart disease, electrophysiology-guided endocardial resection and heart transplantation in refractory patients. Neuromodulation is an alternative that acts on the nervous system. During thoracic epidural anesthesia, cardiac sympathetic denervation has consistent and persisting effects. Similarly, renal denervation may be anotherfuture possibility. In conclusion, identifying the cause is essential. Treatment of baseline factors improves control and prognosis. Amiodarone, betablockers, lidocaine and magnesium are pharmacological options. Catheterablation may be considered for tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Surgical approach and neuromodulation...

Predictors of Arrhythmic Events Detected by Implantable Loop Recorders in Renal Transplant Candidates / Preditores de Eventos Arrítmicos Detectados por Loop Recorders Implantáveis em Candidatos a Transplante Renal

AbstractBackground:The recording of arrhythmic events (AE) in renal transplant candidates (RTCs) undergoing dialysis is limited by conventional electrocardiography. However, continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring seems to be more appropriate due to automatic detection of arrhythmia, but this method has not been used.Objective:We aimed to investigate the incidence and predictors of AE in RTCs using an implantable loop recorder (ILR).Methods:A prospective observational study conducted from June 2009 to January 2011 included 100 consecutive ambulatory RTCs who underwent ILR and were followed-up for at least 1 year. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to define predictors of AE.Results:During a mean follow-up of 424 ± 127 days, AE could be detected in 98% of patients, and 92% had more than one type of arrhythmia, with most considered potentially not serious. Sustained atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation occurred in 7% and 13% of patients, respectively, and bradyarrhythmia and non-sustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurred in 25% and 57%, respectively. There were 18 deaths, of which 7 were sudden cardiac events: 3 bradyarrhythmias, 1 ventricular fibrillation, 1 myocardial infarction, and 2 undetermined. The presence of a long QTc (odds ratio [OR] = 7.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01–26.35; p = 0.002), and the duration of the PR interval (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.08; p < 0.001) were independently associated with bradyarrhythmias. Left ventricular dilatation (LVD) was independently associated with non-sustained VT (OR = 2.83; 95% CI, 1.01–7.96; p = 0.041).Conclusions:In medium-term follow-up of RTCs, ILR helped detect a high incidence of AE, most of which did not have clinical relevance. The PR interval and presence of long QTc were predictive of bradyarrhythmias, whereas LVD was predictive of non-sustained VT.

ResumoFundamento:A documentação de eventos arrítmicos (EA) em candidatos a transplante renal (CTR) submetidos à diálise é limitada pelo registro de eletrocardiograma convencional. Um monitoramento contínuo do ritmo cardíaco parece ser o procedimento mais adequado para a detecção automática de arritmia, contudo esse método não foi explorado anteriormente.Objetivo:O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a incidência e os preditores de EA em CTR usando um gravador de eventos implantável, do inglês, “loop recorder implantável” (ILR).Métodos:Um estudo prospectivo observacional foi conduzido entre Junho/2009 a Janeiro/2011. Cem CTR ambulatoriais consecutivos foram submetidos ao ILR e acompanhados pelo menos por um ano. Uma regressão logística multivariada foi aplicada para definir os preditores de EA.Resultados:Durante o tempo médio de acompanhamento de 424 ± 127 dias, EA foram detectados em 98% dos pacientes, sendo que 92% deles tinham mais de um tipo de arritmia, a maioria não considerada potencialmente séria. Taquicardia atrial sustentada e fibrilação atrial ocorreram respectivamente em 7% e 13% dos pacientes; bradiarritmia em 25% e taquicardia ventricular (TV) não-sustentada ou sustentada em 57%. Ocorreram 18 óbitos, 7 por morte cardíaca súbita, 3 por bradiarritmias, 1 por fibrilação ventricular, 1 por infarto do miocárdio e 2 óbitos devido à causas desconhecidas. A presença de QTc longo (Razão de Probabilidade [RP] = 7,28; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC] 2,01-26,35; p = 0,002) e duração do intervalo PR (RP = 1,05; IC 95%: 1,02-1,08; p < 0,001) foram associados independentemente a bradiarritmias. A dilatação ventricular esquerda (DVE) foi independentemente associada à TV não-sustentada (RP = 2,83; IC 95%: 1,01-7,96; p = 0,041).Conclusões:Em acompanhamento de médio prazo de CTR, o ILR detectou uma alta incidência de EA, a maioria sem relevância clínica. O intervalo PR e a presença de QTc longo foram preditivos de bradiarritmias e DVE de TV não‑sustentada.

Capacidade de manuseio da parada cardíaca em locais de alto fluxo de pessoas em Curitiba / Capacity of handling a heart arrest in places with a great flux of people in Curitiba

JUSTIFICATIVA: A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é considerada uma situação preocupante, posto que o tempo até o início dos procedimentos de reversão interfere diretamente na sobrevida do paciente. Sabendo da importância desse atendimento pré-hospitalar o estado do Paraná promulgou uma lei, obrigando os estabelecimentos com grande concentração de pessoas a manterem um desfibrilador externo automático (DEA) disponível, bem como pessoal qualificado a ofertar suporte básico devida e a manusear o desfibrilador externo automático. OBJETIVO: Identificar a porcentagem de estabelecimentos com fluxo superior a 2000 pessoas/dia que possuem desfibrilador externo automático e avaliar o nível técnico do pessoal treinado para o atendimento de uma parada cardiorrespiratória. MÉTODOS: Considerou-se uma amostra de 40 estabelecimentos em Curitiba-PR. Nos locais onde consentiram a realização da pesquisa, avaliou-se a presença do desfibrilador externo automático, bem como seu funcionamento e acessibilidade. Em seguida apresentou-se um caso clínico para a identificação do desempenho do socorrista no atendimento de uma parada cardiorrespiratória. A identificação do desempenho foi realizada com base no protocolo Basic Life Suport (BLS) de avaliação seguindo os parâmetros da American Heart Association (AHA). RESULTADOS: Vinte e oito locais assentiram participar da pesquisa, e desses somente 13 (46,4%) possuíam o desfibrilador externo automático. Cinco desse locais concordaram em serem submetidos a um teste para avaliar o desempenho do socorrista, sendo que dois apresentaram nota 9, um nota 8 e dois inferior a 3. CONCLUSÃO: Poucos locais estão realmente adequados para fazer o atendimento necessário a uma parada cardiorrespiratória. É necessário maiores investimentos e uma maior fiscalização desses estabelecimentos.

BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) is considered an alarming situation, since time until onset of reversal procedures has a direct influence on patient survival. Given the importance of pre-hospital treatment, the state of Parana, Brazil passed a law obliging establishments with a large volume of people passing through them to have an automatic external defibrillator (AED) available, in addition to personnel qualified to provide basic life support and operate the automatic external defibrillator. OBJECTIVE: Identify the percentage of establishments with a daily flow of more than 2000 individuals that have an automatic external defibrillator and assess the technical level of trained personnel in treating cardiorespiratory arrest. METHODS: The sample was composed of 40 establishments in Curitiba, Parana state. The presence of automatic external defibrillator as well as its functionality and accessibility were assessed. Next, a clinical case was presented to evaluate the performance of emergency responders in treating cardiorespiratory arrest. Performance was based on the Basic Life Support (BLS) protocol, in accordance with American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines. RESULTS: Twenty-eight establishments agreed to take part in the study, 13 (46.4%) of which had an automatic external defibrillator on their premises. Five agreed to undergo a test to evaluatethe emergency responder's performance, 2 obtaining a score of 9, one 8 and two below 3. CONCLUSION: Few places are really adequate in order to treat a cardiorespiratory arrest. It is necessary further investments and a more efficient inspection of those establishments.

Resucitación utilizando desfibrilador externo automático en el Uruguay / Resuscitation with automated external defibrillator (AED) in Uruguay

Objetivo: comunicar las características de presentación y la sobrevida de un grupo de pacientes que sufrieron una muerte súbita (MS) y fueron asistidos con resucitación cardíaca básica (RCB) y desfibrilador externo automático (DEA) antes de la llegada de una emergencia médica móvil (EMM). Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo-analítico de todos los paros cardíacos (PC) asistidos con DEA entre el 1° de enero de 2005 y el 1° de setiembre de 2013 en Uruguay. Se evaluaron las características de los pacientes, de los PC y la evolución posterior. Resultados: los DEA instalados en lugares públicos y con personal entrenado fueron utilizados en 37 eventos. En un caso de fibrilación ventricular (FV), el DEA no indicó descarga. En 23 pacientes (62,2%) se logró RCE y 14 (43%) sobrevivieron y retornaron a una vida activa. De los 27 PC en FV, 19 (70%) lograron retorno a la circulación espontánea (RCE) y 14 (52%) sobrevivió y se reintegró a sus tareas habituales. Los factores asociados a supervivencia al egreso hospitalario y reintegro a sus actividades fueron: la edad (57±9,9 en sobrevivientes versus 67±18,5 en fallecidos, p=0,041) y haber recibido RCB antes de 2 minutos versus > de 2 minutos (p=0,025). Conclusiones: los DEA instalados en lugares públicos y con personal entrenado fueron utilizados efectivamente en 36 eventos. Los resultados observados fueron similares a los reportados en series internacionales. La menor edad y la RCB antes de 2 minutos se asociaron a mejores resultados.

Purpose: to communicate the presentation features and survival of sudden death victims that were assisted with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automatic external defibrillator (AED) before the arrival of prehospital emergency medical system (PHEMS) in Uruguay. Method: case series study of all out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) victims assisted with an AED from January 1, 2005 to September 1, 2013 in Uruguay. Patient’s features, cardiac arrest rhythm and evolution were evaluated. Results: 37 events in places with public access AED and trained people were reported. An AED decided ¨non shockable¨ in one ventricular fibrillation (VF) episode. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) rate was 62,2% and 43% of the victims survived and returned to normal life. There were 27 VF cases. ROSC rate and survival for VF cases was 70% and 52% respectively. Every survivor of VF cases returned to normal life. Survival to Hospital discharge and return to normal life were associated with: VF (p=0,085), age (57 vs. 67 years, p=0,041) and bystander CPR before 2 minutes (p=0,025). Conclusion: public access AED were were effectively utilized in 36 cases. The results are similar to international reports and superior to those observed in the OHCA series assisted by PHEMS in our country. Lower age and bystander CPR before 2 minutes were associated with better outcomes.

Conocimiento del desfibrilador automático externo (DEA) por parte de candidatos a instructores en reanimación básica / Trainee basic reanimation instructors' knowledge concerning an automated external defibrillator (DEA)

Antecedentes. El uso apropiado del desfibrilador automático externo (DEA) hace parte del tercer eslabón de la cadena de supervivencia, fundamental para el manejo del paro cardiaco más frecuente en el adulto, la Fibrilación Ventricular (FV). La capacitación en las maniobras básicas de reanimación tiene 3 estaciones de trabajo: la RCP o maniobras de compresiones y ventilaciones, el manejo de la obstrucción de la vía aérea y el manejo del DEA. Objetivo. Evaluar el conocimiento previo que tienen sobre el DEA, los aspirantes a instructores en Reanimación Cardiocerebropulmonar (RCCP) Básico. Material y Métodos. Estudio de corte transversal descriptivo, en asistentes al taller de formación de instructores en RCCP Básico (n=4 residentes de anestesiología y 29 anestesiólogos), durante el Congreso Peruano de Anestesiología (octubre de 2012). En la estación de manejo del DEA se realizó un taller de formación de instructores en RCCP Básico a 4 residentes de anestesiología y 29 anestesiólogos. En la estación del manejo del DEA se realizó una encuesta a partir de 3 interrogantes básicos: ¿para qué sirve?, los factores que interfieren en su funcionamiento y las indicaciones. Resultados. Los 33 asistentes respondieron la encuesta. 17 participantes, respondieron correctamente la primera pregunta. En la segunda pregunta, 14 participantes no propusieron ningún factor; 11 acertaron con un solo factor, 3 con 2 factores y 5 con 3 factores. En la tercera pregunta, 14 contestaron correctamente. Conclusión. Este estudio encontró un desconocimiento al ingreso al taller, de los principios básicos del DEA. Se sugiere continuar con los lineamientos básicos de enseñanza en el manejo del DEA y de renovar la adquisición de estas competencias en un periodo no mayor de 2 años.

Background. The proper use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) forms part of the third link in the chain of survival; it is fundamental in managing ventricular fibrillation (VF the most commonly occurring cardiac arrest in adults). Training in basic resuscitation manoeuvres consists of 3 workstations: cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or compression and ventilation manoeuvres, airway obstruction management and AED management. Objective. Assessing basic cardiocerebral pulmonary resuscitation (CCPR) trainee instructors' prior knowledge concerning AED. Methods. This was a descriptive crosssectional study regarding trainees attending a basic CCPR workshop which was run by the AED management station during the Peruvian Anaesthesiology Congress held in October 2012 (n = 4 anaesthesiology residents and 29 anaesthesiologists). Three basic questions were asked in a survey of those attending the AED management station: "What is its purpose?", "Which factors interfere with its operation?" and "What are the pertinent indications?" Results. Seventeen of the 33 participants answering the survey answered the first question correctly. Fourteen participants did not propose any factor at all in response to the second question, eleven stated a single factor, three stated 2 factors and five 3 factors. Fourteen answered the third question correctly. Conclusion. The study revealed a lack of knowledge regarding the basic principles of AED on admission to the workshop. It is thus suggested that efforts be made to continue teaching basic guidelines regarding how to manage AED and that acquiring these skills should be renewed in a period not exceeding two years.

Análisis de la inclusión de la policía en la respuesta de emergencias al paro cardiorrespiratorio extrahospitalario / Analysis of the inclussion of police personnel on the out of hospital cardiac arrest emergency response

OBJETIVO: El presente estudio busca analizar una alternativa al pronóstico de paro cardiorrespiratorio extrahospitalario (PCE) como problema de salud pública al involucrar a los cuerpos policiacos en la respuesta de emergencias. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó retrospectivamente un registro de PCE iniciado en junio de 2009. Se contrastó un modelo basado en un número limitado de ambulancias con primera respuesta por la policía. RESULTADOS: La mortalidad fue de 100 por ciento, tiempos de respuesta elevados y 10.8 por ciento recibió reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) por testigos presenciales. En 63.7 por ciento de los eventos la policía llegaba antes que la ambulancia y en 1.5 por ciento el policía dio RCP. El costo por vida salvada fue 5.8-60 millones de pesos en un modelo sólo con ambulancias vs. 0.5-5.5 millones de pesos en un modelo con primera respuesta policiaca. CONCLUSIONES: La intervención de la policía en la ciudad de Querétaro facilitaría la disminución de la mortalidad por PCE a un menor costo.

OBJETIVE: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OCHA) is a public health problem in which survival depends on community initial response among others. This study tries to analyze what's the proportional cost of enhancing such response by involving the police corps in it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively an OCHA registry started on June 2009. We contrasted a model with limited number of ambulances and police based first response. RESULTS: Mortality was 100 percent, response times high and 10.8 percent of the victims were receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by bystanders. In 63.7 percent of the events the police arrived before the ambulance, in 1.5 percent of these cases the police provided CPR. The cost for each saved life was of 5.8-60 million Mexican pesos per life with only ambulance model vs 0.5-5.5 million Mexican pesos on a police first response model with 12 ambulances. CONCLUSIONS: In Queretaro interventions can be performed taking advantage of the response capacity of the existing police focused on diminishing mortality from OCHA at a lesser cost than delegating this function only to ambulances.

Reanimación cardiopulmonar básica: conocimiento teórico, desempeño práctico y efectividad de las maniobras en médicos generales / Basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation: knowledge, practical skills and effectiveness of maneuvers of general physicians

Background: General physicians should be adequately trained to deliver effective resuscitation during ventricular fibrillation (VF). Aim: To assess the degree of knowledge, skills and practical effectiveness in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of Chilean general physicians. Materials and Methods: Forty eight general physicians starting Anesthesiology or Internal Medicine residency programs were evaluated. They answered a modified American Heart Association Basic Life Support Course written test and individually participated in a witnessed VF cardiac arrest simulated scenario. Execution of resuscitation tasks in the correct order, the quality of the maneuvers and the use of defibrillator were registered. Results: All participants acknowledged the importance of uninterrupted CPR and early defibrillation. Seventy five percent knew the correct frequency of chest compressions, but only 6.25% knew all the effective chest compression characteristics. Ninety eight percent knew the recommended number of breaths per cycle. In practice, 58% performed effective ventilations, 33% performed uninterrupted compressions, 14% did them with adequate frequency and only 8% performed chest compressions adequately. Forty four percent requested a defibrillator within 30 seconds and 31% delivered the first defibrillation within 30 seconds of defibrillator arrival. Airway, breathing, circulation and defibrillation sequence was correctly performed by 12% of participants and 80% acknowledged that their medical training was inadequate or insufficient for managing a cardiac arrest. Conclusions: Despite an elevated degree of knowledge about key aspects of CPR, this group of Chilean physicians displayed suboptimal practical skills while performing CPR in a simulated scenario, specially delivering effective chest compressions and promptly asking for and using the defibrillator.

A Case of Acute Myocardial Infarction with Resolution of ST-Segment Elevation Immediately after Ventricular Defibrillation / 대한내과학회지

A 38-year-old man presented with typical squeezing-type anterior chest pain. An initial electrocardiogram (ECG) showed prominent ST-segment elevation (V1-V4 lead, 3 mm). Suddenly, the patient fell unconscious and had no pulse. At that time, the ECG showed polymorphic ventricular fibrillation (VT). After direct current (DC) cardioversion, the patient regained vital signs and defibrillation converted the VT into an accelerated idioventricular rhythm with resolution of the ST-segment elevation. The patient was referred to our hospital for close observation and further evaluation. At our hospital, an ECG showed normal sinus rhythms and cardiac enzymes were within normal limits. We diagnosed the patient with variant angina rather than ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), because his clinical manifestations were quite distinct; ST-segment elevations disappeared slowly at the reperfusion stage. However, the patient's final diagnosis was STEMI because coronary angiography showed severe eccentric tubular stenosis (85%) with remnant thrombus in the middle left anterior descending artery. Defibrillation likely removed the thrombus, which led to STEMI.